Preheat the oven and prepare the pan: Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C). Thoroughly grease a 10-inch (26 cm) Bundt pan, then lightly dust it with flour. Coat the center tube and every corner before tapping out the excess flour.
Combine the dry ingredients: In a medium bowl, whisk together the all-purpose flour, baking powder, salt, and fresh lemon zest. Set aside.
Cream the butter and sugar: In a large mixing bowl, beat the softened butter and granulated sugar with an electric mixer until light, fluffy, and evenly combined.
Add the eggs and flavorings: Add the eggs one at a time, mixing well after each addition. Add the vanilla extract and fresh lemon juice, then mix until combined.
Add the dry ingredients and buttermilk: Gradually add the dry ingredients in three additions, alternating with the buttermilk. Begin and end with the dry ingredients. Mix on low speed just until combined, being careful not to overmix.
Prepare the blueberries: Toss the fresh blueberries with 1 tablespoon of flour until lightly coated.
Fold in the blueberries: Add the coated blueberries to the batter and gently fold them in with a rubber spatula until evenly distributed.
Fill the pan: Transfer the batter to the prepared Bundt pan. Spread it evenly around the center tube and gently smooth the top.
Bake the cake: Bake for 1 hour 15 minutes to 1 hour 20 minutes, or until a long toothpick or wooden skewer inserted into the thickest part comes out clean or with only a few moist crumbs.
Cool and remove from the pan: Let the cake cool in the pan for about 15 minutes. Carefully loosen the edges if necessary, then gently invert the cake onto a wire rack or serving plate.
Prepare the lemon syrup: Whisk the fresh lemon juice and powdered sugar together until smooth and the sugar has dissolved.
Brush the warm cake: While the cake is still warm, brush the lemon syrup evenly over the top and sides. Allow the cake to cool completely before adding the icing.
Make the lemon icing: Whisk the powdered sugar, fresh lemon juice, and milk together until smooth, thick, and free of lumps.
Ice and decorate: Pour or spread the lemon icing over the completely cooled Bundt cake. Let the icing set, then decorate as desired before slicing and serving.